Introduction

The social policy team at The UK Insolvency Helpline is becoming increasingly concerned that individual voluntary arrangements (IVAs), the popular alternative to bankruptcy, are in some cases being mis-sold by the multitude of 'IVA factories' which have sprung up over the past few years.

Our own specialist IVA advice unit receives over 100 calls a day from people being poorly advised by many profit-making advertising debt firms and persuaded that an IVA is right for them in circumstances where it clearly is not suitable.

Why use an IVA?

An IVA allows a debtor to reach an agreement with his or her creditors to wipe off some of the money owed in exchange for reduced monthly payments. The IVA company then formulates the repayment plan, typically lasting five years, with the creditors.

Our IVA unit state that IVA applications have doubled in each of the past two years and is predicted to reach it highest in 2007. They are popular because they avoid the stigma of bankruptcy and allow debtors to retain assets, including their homes.

Please note that IVAs are not suitable for everyone and come at a price with most firms charging huge upfront fees of up to £1,500 before work is commenced. These fee charging rogue companies are misleading their clients who can get a better service for no cost upfront.

There are set criteria which someone has to meet before they are put on an IVA. One of these is that they have to have a surplus income of £200 a month at least. You must also have at least 3 separate creditors.

Example of bad IVA advice

One horrific example of bad IVA advice is a nurse based in Cardiff who contacted a debt company after seeing a flashy TV advert and was advised to apply for an IVA. She then contacted The UK Insolvency Helpline because she was concerned that her monthly repayments were unaffordable - they had been assessed on income that included her son's disability allowance.

The UK Insolvency Helpline’s own IVA advice team offers comprehensive advice on the topic of IVAs so that people are aware of the fees involved. In reality fees should be included in the monthly repayments of an IV, not charged upfront.

The UK Insolvency Helpline are in constant touch with the authorities providing dossiers of complaints about the profit making debt advice industry breaching advertising rules by making exaggerated claims about their ability to write-off debts to banks and other lenders.

Like many consumer groups and banks the UK Insolvency Helpline is concerned that people may be being encouraged by unscrupulous IVA companies to commit to IVAs, even where this may not be the right course of action. These companies aren't always properly informing their customers about the fees they charge for arranging an IVA, or about the adverse effects of IVAs on credit ratings.

The IVA advice unit is concerned about the quality of advice given by IVA advisers to consumers. Firm action must be taken against any IVA company found to be issuing false or misleading advice.

People with debts are morally obliged to repay them. How much they repay depends on their circumstances. We conduct a thorough review of their income and outgoings before contacting creditors. It is not right to help people avoid their legal liabilities.

The IVA advice unit is hearing from customers who are being told an IVA won't appear on their credit rating when the reality is that it will. Some companies are giving the impression that this solution has a much smaller impact than it does.While all IVAs must be sold by a registered insolvency practitioner, there is no regulation of the companies employing the practitioners or of the front-line staff. The IVA advice unit want the government to step in. 'One third of IVAs fail in the first two to three years. If there is mis-selling, more will fail.

The IVA advice unit is urging people to weigh up all the options before signing up to any type of arrangement. 'If you have a debt problem, an IVA could be the best option because it could stop you having to lose your home, for example. It could be an absolutely dreadful option. Our IVA team can help to negotiate the minefield of options.

Individual Voluntary Arrangement applications up 118% in 2006

The number of people applying for an Individual Voluntary Arrangement (IVA) grew at a rate of 118% in 2006. The estimated number of insolvencies for 2007 has risen to 150,000 and for the first time ever, it’s been predicted that more of these will be serviced by IVAs than Bankruptcies.

But is an IVA really a more effective tool for servicing insurmountable amounts of debt than bankruptcy? Obvious advantages are that in most cases, people who apply for an IVA manage to maintain ownership of their properties and also avoid the public humiliation of a bankruptcy.

In reality, you have to determine whether you can even afford to meet the terms of an Individual Voluntary Arrangement i.e. the monthly repayments before you can make the decision to file for the procedure. In some cases, a personal bankruptcy can be the only way out for people with tremendous debt and no possible way of paying even a small amount back to the creditors.

14 kinds of English letters of the outside trade business are greatly whole

1 claim establishment business commission
        
        Rogers Chemical Supply Co. 10E.22Street Omaha8,Neb Gentlemen: We have obtained your name and address from Aristo Shoes, Milan , and we are writing to enquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us. We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, We are interested in extending our, range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to transact a significant volume of business. We look forward to your early reply.

2.Reply the claim of the other party establishment business commission

       Thank your for your letter of the 16th of this month. We shall be glad to enter into business relations with your company. In compliance with your request, we are sending you, under separate cover, our latest catalogue and price list covering our export range. Payment should be made by irrevocable and confirmed letter of credit. Should you wish to place an order, please telex or fax us.

3.The claim holds the post of sole agent

      We would like to inform you that we act on a sole agency basis fora number of manufacturers. We specialize in finished cotton goods for the Middle eastern market: Our activities cover all types of household linen. Until now , we have been working with your textiles department and our collaboration has proved to be mutually beneficial. Please refer to them for any information regarding our company. We are very interested in an exclusive arrangement with your factoryfor the promotion of your products in Bahrain. We look forward to your early reply.

4.Refuse the other party holds the post of sole agent

       Thank you for your letter of 1 September suggesting that we grant you a sole agency for our household linens. I regret to say that, at this stage ,such an arrangement would berather premature. We would, however, be willing to engage in a trial collaboration with you company to see how the arrangement works. It would be necessary for you to test the market for our productsat you end. You would also have to build up a much larger turnover tojustify a sole agency. We enclose price lists covering all the products you are interested in and look forward to hearing from you soon.

5.Agree the other party holds the post of sole agent

        Thank you for your letter of 12 April proposing a sole agency for our office machines. We have examined our long and ,I must say ,mutually beneficial collaboration. We would be very pleased to entrust you with the sole agency for Bahrain. From our records, we are pleased to note that you have two service engineers who took training courses at our Milan factory .the sole agency will naturally be contingent on you maintaining qualified aftersales staff. We have drawn up a draft agreement that is enclosed. Please examine the detailed terms and conditions and let us know whether they meet with your approval. On a personal note, I must say that I am delighted that we are probably going to strengthen our relationship. I have very pleasant memories of my last visit to Bahrain when you entertained me so delightfully .I look forward to reciprocating on your next visit to Milan . My very best wishes to you and your wife.

6.Borrow to lead the establishment business relation

          At the beginning of this month , I attended the Harrogate toy fair. While there , I had an interesting conversation with Mr. Douglas Gage of Edutoys plc about selecting an agency for our teaching aids. Douglas described your dynamic sales force and innovative approach to marketing. He attributed his own company's success to your excellent distribution network which has served him for several years. We need an organization like yours to launch our products in the UK. Our teaching aids cover the whole field of primary education in all subjects .Our patented ‘Matrix’ math apparatus is particularly successful. You may have reservations about American teaching aids suiting your market. This is not a problem since we have a complete range of British English versions. I enclose an illustrated catalogue of our British English editions for your information. Please let me have your reactions to the material. I shall be in London during the first two weeks of October .Perhaps we could arrange a meeting to discuss our proposal.

7.Invite a visit trade exposition

        Many thanks for your letter and enclosures of 12 September. We were very interested to hear that you are looking for an UK distributor for your teaching aids. We would like to invite you to visit our booth,no.6,at next month's London Toy Fair, at Earl's court , which starts on 2 October. If you would like to set up an appointment during non exhibit hall hours please call me. I can then arrange for our sensor staff to be present at the meeting. We look forward to hearing from you.

8. With had the company of trade the contacts contact in the past

        We understand from our trade contacts that your company has reestablished itself in Beirut and is once again trading successfully in your region. We would like to extend our congratulations and offer our very best wishes for your continued success. Before the war in Lebanon , our companies were involved in a large volume of trade in our textiles. We see from our records that you were among our best tem customers. We very much hope that we can resume our mutually beneficial relationship now that peace has returned to Lebanon. Since we last traded, our lines have changed beyond recognition. While they reflect current European taste in fabrics, some of our designs are specifically targeted at the Middle Eastern market. As an initial step , I enclose our illustrated catalogue for your perusal. Should you wish to receive samples for closer inspection, we will be very happy to forward them. We look forward to hearing from you.

 9.Confirm an appointment

       I would like to confirm our appointment to discuss the possibility of merging our distribution networks. I am excited of the prospect ofexpanding our trade. As agreed, We will meet of our office in bond street at 9.30a.m.on Monday 20 March. I have scheduled the whole day for the meeting. If for any reason you are unable to attend , please phone me so that we can make alternative arrangements. Please let me know if you would like our office to arrange hotel accommodation. I look forward with great pleasure to our meeting.

10.The thankful customer order

      Gillette-burns Co. 322 Gleenwood street Gleveland 5,Ohio Glentlemen: Thank you for your order no,464 of 20 september. The models you selected from our showroom went out today under my personal supervision.The package is being airfreghted to you on swissair.The relevant documentation is enclosce.I enjoyed meeting yiu and hope that this order represents the beginning of a long and prosperous relationship between oiur companies. The next time you visit us ,please let me know in advance so that I can arrange a luch for you with our derectors. Sincerely yours

11.Promote a new product toward the long-term customer

       I enclose an illustrated supplement toour catalogue. It covers the latest designs which are now available from stock. We are most gratified that you have, for several yeas. Include a selection of our products in your mail-order catalogues. The resulting sales have been very steady. We believe that you will find our new designs most attractive. Theyshould get a very good reception in your market. Once you have had time to study the upplement , please let us know if you would like to take the matter further. We would be very happy to send samples to you for closer inspection. For your information, we are planning a range of classical English dinner services which ,should do well in the North American market. We will keep you informed on our progress and look forward to hearingfrom you.

12. Solicit an advertisement for company's  guidebook

     Thank you for your business. You arecurrently represented in our directory. This is the only directory of its kind which reaches all companies in the building and construction industry in the UK. Advertising in our directory was a wise move on your part. We are currently compiling a new edition of the directory which willbe published in April 1995.The new edition will be expanded to include major manufacturers of plumbing equipment in the European Community. For proper coverage in the directory, you ought to appear in more than one category. If you do opt for a multiple listing, you will be ableto buy space in additional categories at half price. You can be assured that the new edition will be on the desks of allthe major decision makers in the building and hardware trades. Please complete the enclosed form and return it with the appropriate fee. Thanks again for your business.

13. Request the customer makes to recommend a person

      Thank you for your letter of 2 November. We are delighted to hear that you are to pleased with the refurbishment of your hotel. As your know .in our line of work, we depend on good ,reports about our projects to win further business. Our clients always shop around and look for references before committing themselves. With your permission, we would like to use your hotel as a reference when we discuss similar refurbishments in the hotel industry . Would you agree to our suggesting that future clients should call you? It would also be most helpful if we could occasionally bring a client to look at your hotel . We would , of course , stay overnight at least.I'll call you next week to hear your reaction. Thanks again for you kind words.

14. Notify the customer's price adjust

     We enclose our new catalogue and price list. The revised prices will apply from 1 April 1997. You will see that there have been number of changes in our product range. A number of improved models have been introduced. Out range of washing machines has been completely revamped. Many popular lines, however, have been retained unchanged. You will be aware that inflation is affecting industry as a whole .Ws have been affected like everyone else and some price increases havebeen unavoidable. We have not, however, increased our prices across the board, In many cases, there is a small price increase, but in others, none at all. We can assure you that the quality of our consumer durables has been maintained at a high standard and that our service will continueto be first class. We look forward to receiving your orders.

Appointments
Dear Mr. / Ms.,

Mr. John Green, our General Manager, will be in Paris from June 2 to 7 and would like to come and see you, say, on June 3 at 2.00 p.m. about the opening of a sample room there.

Please let us know if the time is convenient for you. If not, what time you would suggest.

Yours faithfully

约定

尊敬的先生/小姐，

我们的总经理约翰格林将于六月2日到7日在巴黎，有关在那开样品房的事宜，他会于六月3日下午2：00点拜访您。

请告知这个时间对您是否方便。如不方便，请建议具体时间。

您诚挚的
Letters of Introduction
介绍信

Letters of Introduction
Dear Mr. / Ms.,

This is to introduce Mr. Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business.

We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.

Yours faithfully

介绍信

尊敬的先生/小姐，

现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。

我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。

您诚挚的

Appology & Explanation
道歉与解释

Appology
Dear Mr. / Ms,

We are sorry we cannot send you immediately the catalogue and price list for which you asked in your letter of March 10. Supplies are expected from the printers in two weeks and as soon as we receive them, we will send you a copy.

Yours faithfully

道歉

尊敬的先生/小姐，

对三月十日来信所要目录和价格单，很抱歉不能马上寄去。印刷商两周后供货，一旦收到，我们将给您寄去一份。

您诚挚的

Explanation
Dear Mr. / Ms,

I was very concerned when I received your letter of yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised.

On referring to our earlier correspondence,I find that I had mistaken the date for completion. The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it should have occurred.

I realize the inconvenience our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime. These arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend.

Yours faithfully

解释
尊敬的先生/小姐，

昨天收到你的来信，抱怨你新家的中央加热系统未按规定时间装好，对此我非常关心。参考较早的通信，我发现我搞错了完成日期。错误完全是我的，对此我非常抱歉。

认识到我们的疏忽给你造成的不便，我们将竭尽全力避免再耽搁。我已指示这项工作优先做并让工程人员加班。这样安排会于下周完成安装。

你诚挚的

提示

Attention
Dear Mr. / Ms,

On 14 November I submitted a bill for services rendered to your office at the Lille International Exposition. More than a month has now elapsed without payment or acknowledgment of my bill. Please check this oversight,and remit payment at your earliest convenience. I look forward to future services to your corporation.

Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter.

Yours faithfully

提示

尊敬的先生/小姐，

十一月十四日我向你办公室在Lille国际博览会上提供的服务提交了帐单。一个月过去了你既没有付款也没有认可帐单。请检查这一疏忽并在最方便的时候付款。期望以后还为你公司服务。

谢谢您能对此事尽快重视起来。

你诚挚的

Consultation
咨询

Consultation
Dear Mr. / Ms,

We are much concerned that your sales in recent months have fallen considerably. At first we thought this might be due to a slack market, but on looking into the matter more closely, we find that the general trend of trade during this period has been upwards.

It is possible that you are facing difficulties of which we are not aware. If so, we would like to know what we can do to help. We, therefore, look forward to receiving from you a detailed report on the situation and suggestions as to how we may help in restoring our sales to their former level.

Yours faithfully

咨询

尊敬的先生/小姐：

我们非常关心你方销售近几个月大幅度下降。开始我们以为是市场疲软，但仔细研究问题，我们发现过去这段时间贸易的总趋势是上升的。有可能你方面临我方还不知道的困难，如是这样，我方想知道是否能帮助什么。我们期望收到关于问题的详细报告，及建议我们怎样帮助才能把销售恢复到原来的水平。

您诚挚的

　　

商务英语

　
感谢信

感谢信(Letter of Thanks)是外国政府机构或个人的关心、支持、帮助或热情款待表示感谢的对外函件。其具体格式和要求与邀请函相同。

例文　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Date and Place
Mr.____
Minister of _____
(Address)
Beijing,China

Dear Minister,

　　　I am writing this letter to thank you for you warm hospitality accorded to me and my delegation during our recent visit to your beautiful country. I would also like to thank you for your interesting discussion with me which I have found very informative and useful.

　　　During the entire visit, my delegation and I were overwhelmed by the enthusiasm expressed by your business representatives on cooperation with China. I sincerely hope we could have more exchanges like this one when we would be able to continue our interesting discussion on possible ways to expand our bilateral ecomomic and trade relations and bring our business people together.

　　　I am lookingforward to your early visit to China when I will be able to pay back some of the hospitality I received during my memorable stay in yur beautiful country. With kind personal regards,

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Faithfully yours,

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(Signed)

Mr.___ Minister of Economic Cooperation

PLACE

祝贺信


Congratulation letter 1

Dear Mr. / Ms,

On the occasion of the 35th anniversary of your National Day, please accept our heartiest congratulations. May the trade connections between our countries continue to develop with each passing day!

Yours faithfully

尊敬的先生/小姐，

值此国庆三十五周年之际，请接受我们最真诚的祝贺。愿我们两国之间的贸易联系持续发展。

你诚挚的


　
Congratulation letter 2

Dear Mr. Minister

Allow me to convey my congratulations on your promotion to Minister of Trade. I am delighted that many years service you have given to your country should have been recognized and appreciated.

We wish you success in your new post and look forward to closer cooperation with you in the development of trade between our two countries.

Sincerely

尊敬的部长先生，

请允许我向您升任贸易部长表示祝贺。多年来你对国家的贡献被认可，欣赏，我非常高兴。我们祝愿您在新的职位取得成功，期待我们两国在贸易发展上进一步合作。

诚挚的


回信

Dear Mr. / Ms,

Thank you for your letter conveying congratulations on my appointment. I wish also to thank you for the assistance you have given me in my work and look forward to better cooperation in the future.

Sincerely

尊敬的先生/小姐，

感谢你来信对我的任命表达的祝贺。我也感谢您对我的工作给予的支持，并期望未来能有更好的合作。

诚挚的

邀请与答复


Invitation and Reply

Dear Mr. / Ms,

We should like to invite your Corporation to attend the 2000 International Fair which will be held from August 29 to September 4 at the above address. Full details on the Fair will be sent in a week.

We look forward to hearing from you soon, and hope that you will be able to attend.

Yours faithfully

尊敬的先生/小姐，

在上述地址，我们想请贵公司参加于八月二十九日到九月四日举办的2000国际商品交易会，关于交易会的详情我们一周内将寄给你。希望不久能收到你的来信，并能来参加。

您诚挚的


　
肯定答复

Dear Mr. / Ms,

Thank you for your letter of June 28 inviting our corporation to participate in the 2000 International Fair. We are very pleased to accept and will plan to display our electrical appliances as we did in previous years.

Mr. Li will be in your city from July 2 to 7 to make specific arrangements and would very much appreciate your assistance.

Yours faithfully

尊敬的先生/小姐，

感谢六月二十八日来信邀请我们公司参加2000国际商品交易会。我们乐于参加并计划展示我们前几年生产的电子设备。李先生将于七月二日至七日去你市做具体安排，非常感谢你的协助。

你诚挚的


否定的答复

Dear Mr. / Ms,

Thank you very much for your invitation to attend the 2000 International Fair. As we are going to open a repair shop in your city at that time, we are sorry that we shall not be able to come.

We hope to see you on some future occasion.

Yours faithfully

尊敬的先生/小姐，

非常感谢您邀请我们参加2000国际商品交易会。由于我们将于同一时间到你市新开一家维修店，非常抱歉我们不能前去。

希望以后在某些场合见到您。

您诚挚的

商务英语

建立业务联系的传真

Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City

Address: 地址略-----------------------------------------

Tel: 电话号码略　　　　　　　　　　　　Fax: 传真号码略_________________________________________________________________

To: Ms Jaana Pekkala, Consultant for China Swiss Organization for Facilitating Investments Fax: +41-1-249 31 33

Total pages of this fax: 2

________________________________________________

Dear Ms Jaana Pekkala,

We understand from The Swiss Business Guide for China that your organization is helping Swiss firms in seeking opportunities of investing in China and business cooperating with Chinese partners. To establish business relations with your organization and attract Swiss companies' investment here in What, We write to introduce our city, the city of What, as one of the open cities in Liaoning Province, China and also ourselves, Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What, as a What government initiative to facilitate business relationship with foreign companies.

Our committee provides advice and assistance to What firms seeking to export their services, goods to foreign areas and import goods and services abroad. We also assist Whatfirms in establishment of joint ventures and carry the procedures for examination and approval of joint ventures and foreign sole investment firms. Our Committee can provide What companies with information on the world market and specific commercial opportunities as well as organize trade missions, seminars and business briefings.

Our committee facilitates and encourages investment from other countries into targeted sectors of What economy and maintains active promotion of What through its network of contacts in domestic and abroad areas.

Nowadays, we are seeking foreign investment in the field of capital construction, such as improving of tap water system and highway construction. Also, we are setting up a tannery zone in Tong'erpu, the largest leather clothes producing and wholesaling base in North China. We invite Swiss companies with most favorable polices to set up their firms in any form on tanning, leather processing and sewage treatment.

Any information on investment projects into What and on business cooperation with firms in What is highly appreciated and will be pass on to anyone who have approached us with interest in similar project. You are also invited to our city for investigation and business tour.

Should you have any questions, please fell free to contact us.

Thank you for your attention and looking forward to your prompt reply.

Sincerely yours,

Qiming Di

Commercial Assistant

For Foreign Economic Relations & Trade Committee of What City

Declaring A Visit
宣布访问

Declaring A Visit
Dear Mr. / Ms,

Mr. William Taylor, President of our Corporation and Mr. James Rogers, Marketing Manager, would like to visit Beijing to continue our discussions on a joint venture. They plan to leave in the second half of April and stay in China about a week. Please let us know if the planned visit is convenient for you and what itinerary you would suggest. If the time of their visit is agreeable, will you kindly request your Embassy here to issue the necessary visa?

Yours faithfully

宣布访问
尊敬的先生/小姐，

我们公司的总裁威廉·泰勒先生和营销部经理珍姆罗杰斯先生，想拜访北京继续商讨合资企业之事。他们计划四月下半月出发并在中国停留一周。请告知我方该访问计划对你方是否方便或您要建议什么行程计划。如对他们的访问时间无异议的话，可否要求使馆签发所需签证。

您诚挚的


Activity Arrangement
活动安排

Activity Arrangement
Dear Mr. / Ms,

We are very pleased to welcome President William Taylor and Manager James Rogers to Beijing and Shanghai in thesecond half of April for about a week. As requested,

we propose the following itinerary for your consideration.

Monday, April 18

4.00 p.m. Arrive in Beijing by Flt.xx, to be met at the airport by Mr. President

of Asia Trading Co.

4.15 Leave for Great Wall Hotel

7.30 Dinner given by President x

Tuesday, April 19

9:30 a.m. Discussion at Asia Trading Co. Building

2:00 p.m. Group discussion

8:00 p.m. Cocktail reception given by the British Commercial Counselor in Beijing

Wednesday, April 20

9:00 a.m. Discussion

12:00 noon Sign the Letter of Intent

1:30 p.m. Peking Duck Dinner

3:30 p.m. visit the Summer palace

6:00 Departure for Shanghai

Would you please confirm by fax so that we can make arrangements accordingly.

Yours faithfully

活动安排
尊敬的先生/小姐，

我们非常高兴威廉·泰勒总裁和珍姆斯·罗杰斯经理能四月下半月到北京，上海访问一周，根据要求我们出下列活动安排供参考：

星期一，四月十八日

下午4：00 乘航班XX到达北京，由亚洲贸易公司的总裁X先生到机场迎接

4：15 乘车去长城宾馆

7：30 总裁X先生举行晚晏

上午 9:30 a.m. 在亚洲贸易公司讨论

2:00 p.m. 小组讨论

8:00 p.m. 英国住北京商务领事举行鸡尾酒招待会

上午9：00 讨论

中午12：00 签订意向书

下午1：30 吃北京烤鸭

3：30 参观故宫

6：00 乘机去上海

请传真确认，以便我们做相应的安排。

您诚挚的

一﹑本表收入的系本卷条目释文中出现的部分外国 

地名﹐包括遗址名和遗迹名。 

二﹑本表所列地名﹐除俄文地名另排外﹐都按罗马 

字母顺序排列。 

A 

Abbeville 阿布维尔 

Abdu 阿卜杜 

Abu Simbel Temple 阿布?辛拜勒庙 

Abusir 阿布西尔 

Abydos 阿拜多斯 

Acacus 阿卡库斯 

Acari 阿卡里 

Acig l 阿哲格尔 

Acropolis 卫城 

Adena 阿迪纳 

Adilcevaz 阿迪尔杰瓦兹 

Adriatic Sea 亚得里亚海 

Aegean Sea 爱琴海 

Afar 阿法(一译阿费尔) 

Afton 阿夫顿 

Agrab 阿格拉卜 

Ahaggar 阿哈加尔 

Ah r 阿哈尔 

Ahichchhatra 阿希切特拉 

Ai Khanum 阿伊哈努姆 

Aimens 亚眠 

A n Ebel 艾因伊比勒 

A n Hanech 艾因哈奈什 

A n Mallaha 艾因迈拉哈 

A n Naga 艾因纳盖 

A n Sakhri 艾因塞赫里 

Ajanta 阿旃陀 

Akhetaton 阿肯太顿 

Akkad 阿卡得 

Alabama State 亚拉巴马州 

Alaca H y k 阿拉贾休于 

Alalakh 阿拉拉赫 

Alaska State 阿拉斯加州 

Alcoy 阿尔科伊 

Aleppo 阿勒颇 

Alexandria 亚历山大里亚 

Alicedale 艾丽斯代尔 

Ali Kush 阿里库什 

Alishtar 阿里什塔尔 

Ali Tappeh Cave 阿里塔佩洞 

Allah b d 安拉阿巴德 

Allak 阿拉克 

Alps Mountains 阿尔卑斯山脉 

Altamira 阿尔塔米拉 

Al Ubaid 欧贝德 

Am 阿姆 

Amekni 阿梅克尼 

mri 阿姆里 

Amuq 阿穆格 

Anasazi 阿那萨吉 

Anatolia 安纳托利亚 

Andes Mountains 安第斯山脉 

Angkor 吴哥 

Angkor Wat 吴哥寺(一译吴哥窟) 

Antalya 安塔利亚 

Apennines Peninsula 亚平宁半岛 

Apurimac 阿普里马克 

Aqarq f 阿盖尔古夫 

Arago 阿拉戈 

Ara-Khangai Aymag 后杭爱省 

Ar valli 阿拉瓦利 

Ardennes 阿登 

Argissa 阿尔吉萨 

Argos 阿尔戈斯 

Arikamedu 阿里卡梅杜 

Arin Berd 阿林博德 

Arizona State 亚利桑那州 

Arkalochori 阿尔卡洛科里 

Armant 艾尔曼特 

Arpachiyah 阿尔帕契亚 

Arretine 阿雷蒂内 

Ashait 阿沙伊特 

Ashur 阿苏尔 

Asiab 阿西阿卜 

Asikli H y k 阿西克里休于 

Asmar 阿斯马尔 

Athens 雅典 

Atranjikhera 阿特兰吉凯拉 

Attica 阿提卡 

Aurang b d 奥兰加巴德 

Aurignac 奥瑞纳克 

Aventino 阿文蒂诺 

Azil 阿齐尔 

B 

Babylon 巴比伦 

Bac Son 北山 

Bac Thai 北太 

Bactra 巴克特拉 

Bahlaka 巴里黑 

Bair t 拜拉德 

Bakheng 巴肯寺 

Baksoho River 巴克索霍河 

Bali 巴厘 

Balkh 巴尔赫 

Ballana 巴拉纳 

Baltimore 巴尔的摩 

Bal ch stan 俾路支 

Balyana 拜勒耶纳 

Banas River 伯纳斯河 

Ban Chiang 班清 

Bandarawela 班德勒韦勒 

Bandung Plateau 万隆高原 

Ban Na Di 班纳迪 

B nt ay Srei 班迭斯雷 

Baphuon 巴普昂寺 

Barabar 巴拉巴尔 

Baradost 巴拉多斯特 

Barasimla 巴拉斯姆拉 

Barmen 巴门 

Barun Baidarig River 西拜达里格河 

Barun Shorvin Lake 西绍尔温湖 

Barun Uldzit 西乌勒德吉特 

Barun Urt 西乌尔特 

Basel 巴塞尔 

Basoka River 巴索卡河 

Bastam 巴斯塔姆 

Bat Cave 巴特洞 

Batungan Mountain 巴通岸山 

Bavaria 巴伐利亚 

Bayan Delger Somon 巴彦德勒格尔县 

Bayan Tsogto 巴彦朝克图 

Bayon 巴云寺 

Begram 贝格拉姆 

Begrawiya 贝格拉维亚 

Behistun Village 贝希斯顿村 

Beidha 贝达 

Belbasi 贝尔巴舍 

Beldibi 贝尔狄比 

Belize 伯利兹 

Beni Hasan 贝尼哈桑 

Bh j 巴查 

Bhambare 彭巴雷 

Bh rhut 帕鲁德 

Bhir 比尔 

Bhop l 博帕尔 

Biaina 毕亚伊那 

Bih r 比哈尔 

Bir-el-Ater 阿替尔 

Birnirk 比尔尼克 

Bishapur 毕沙普尔 

Blackwater Draw 布莱克沃特德罗 

Blanco 布兰料 

Bo azkale 博阿兹卡莱 

Bogazk y 博阿兹柯伊(一译波加斯科) 

Bogd Somon 博格多索蒙 

Bogor 茂物 

Bol n River 博兰河 

Bologna 博洛尼亚(波伦亚) 

Bonampak 博南帕克 

Borneo 婆罗州 

Borobudur 婆罗浮屠 

Borsippa 博尔西帕 

Bosporus﹐Strait of 博斯普鲁斯海峡 

Bougras 布格拉斯 

Boulogne 布洛涅 

Bou Zabaouine 布扎巴温 

Boyan 博扬 

Brahmagiri 婆罗马吉里 

Brahminabad 婆罗米纳巴德 

Brescia 布雷西亚 

Bristol Bay 布里斯托尔湾 

Brittany 布列塔尼 

Bronocic 布罗诺齐茨 

Br nn 布吕恩 

Buchau 布豪 

Buddh Gay 菩提伽耶 

Bukhyn Dervelzhin 布和方台 

Bulgan 布尔干 

Burdur G l 布尔杜尔湖 

Burzahom 布尔扎霍姆 

Bus Mordeh 布斯莫德 

B y kkaya 比于克卡亚 

Bybhlos [Byblos] 比布鲁斯(一译毕布勒) 

Bylany 比拉尼 

Byrsa 比尔萨 

Byzantium 拜占廷 

C 

Cabalwan 卡巴尔万 

Caddoan 卡多安 

Cadiz 加的斯 

Caelian Hill 凯里山 

Caere 卡西里 

Cagayan 卡加延 

Cahokia 卡霍基亚 

Calah 卡拉赫 

Calcutta 加尔各答 

California State 加利福尼亚州 

Cambay﹐Gulf of 坎贝湾 

Cambridge 剑桥 

Canaan 迦南 

Canalino 卡纳利诺 

Can Hasan 坎哈桑 

Canterbury 坎特伯雷 

Cao Lang 高谅 

Cape Province 开普省 

Cape York 约克角 

Capitolino 卡皮托利诺 

Cappadocia 卡帕多细亚 

Capsa 卡普萨 

Carchemish 卡尔凯美什 

Carmel Mountain 卡尔迈勒山 

Carnac 卡纳克 

arsamba ay 恰尔尚巴河 

Carthage 迦太基 

Casma﹐R o 卡斯马河 

Castillo 卡斯蒂约 

atal H y k 恰塔尔休于 

avu 恰武什 

ay n 恰约尼 

Celebes Island 苏拉威西岛(西里伯斯岛) 

Central Aymag 中央省 

Centuripe 琴图里佩 

Cerveteri 切尔韦泰里 

Chaco Canyon 查科峡縠 

Chagar Bazar 恰加尔巴扎尔 

Chan Chan 昌昌 

Chanhu Daro 昌胡达罗 

Charente 夏朗德 

Chariton 沙里顿 

Charlton 查尔顿 

Chatelperron 沙泰勒佩龙 

Chauntra 昌特拉 

Chavin de Huantar 查文?德万塔尔 

Cheyenne 夏延 

Chiapas﹐Estado de 恰帕斯州 

Chicama 奇卡马 

Chil-Chor-Cheshma 奇尔-绰尔-切什玛 

Chill n﹐R o 奇永河 

Chimu 奇穆 

Chincha 钦查 

Chinit﹐Stung 芝尼河 

Chiricahua 奇里卡瓦 

Chiusi 丘西 

Choga Mami 乔加马米 

Choibalsan 乔巴山 

Choiren 雀仁 

Choris 乔里斯 

Ciempozuelos 先波苏埃洛斯 

Clacton-on-sea 克拉克当 

Clovis 克洛维斯 

Cnidus 尼多斯 

Cochise 科奇斯 

Colorado State 科罗拉多州 

Columbia River 哥伦比亚河 

Constantinople 君士坦丁堡 

Cop n 科潘 

Coquimbo 科金博 

Cordillera 科迪勒拉 

Corinth 科林斯 

Cranborne Chase 克兰伯恩蔡斯 

Cremona 克雷莫纳 

Crete Island 克里特岛 

Crimisa 克里米萨 

Cro-Magnon 克罗马农 

Cromer 克罗默 

Crooked Creek 曲溪 

Crotone 克罗托内 

Crvena Stijena Smil i 茨尔韦纳-斯蒂耶纳-斯米尔契奇 

Ctesiphon 泰西封 

Cucuteni 库库泰尼 

Cuelo 库埃洛 

Cumra 丘姆拉 

Cuzco 库斯科 

Cyclades 基克拉泽斯 

Cyrenaica 昔兰尼加 

D 

Dabba 代拜 

Dahsh r 代赫舒尔 

Dakota 达科他 

Damous el-Ahmar 达穆斯艾哈迈尔 

Danube River 多瑙河 

Daphnae 达夫尼 

Darhan 达尔汗 

De Bedelaer 德贝德拉尔 

Deccan Plateau 德干高原 

Deir el-Bahari 代尔拜赫里 

Delphi 德尔斐 

Denetasiro 德尼塔西罗 

Dezf l [Dizful] 迪兹富勒(提斯孚尔) 

Dimini 迪米尼 

Dimolit 迪莫利特 

Dipylon 狄甫隆 

Diy l ﹐Nahr 迪亚拉河 

Dordogne 多尔多涅 

Dornod Aymag 东方省 

Dorset 多塞特 

Dresden 德累斯顿 

Dulan-Us 都兰乌苏 

Dur Kurigalzu 杜尔库里加祖 

D sseldorf 杜塞尔多夫 

Duyong Cave 都扬洞 

E 

Eanna 伊安纳 

Easter Island 复活节岛 

Ebla 埃卜拉 

Ecbatana 埃克巴坦那 

Edenkoben 埃登科本 

Eem 埃姆 

Ehringsdorf 埃灵斯多夫 

Eisden 艾斯登 

Elam 埃兰(一译依兰) 

El Amrah 阿姆拉 

El Argar 埃尔阿尔加尔 

El Badari 拜达里 

Elbe River 易北河 

El Fostat 富斯塔特 

El Khiam 希阿姆 

Ellora 埃洛拉 

El Nido 埃尔尼多 

El Omari 欧迈里 

El Paraiso 埃尔帕拉伊索 

El Salvador 萨尔瓦多 

Elsloo 埃尔斯洛 

Elster 埃尔斯特 

El Tajin 塔钦 

Enfants﹐Grotte 恩芳洞 

Enkomi 恩科米 

Ennedi 恩内迪 

Erdeni Tszu 额尔德尼昭 

Erdeven 埃尔德旺 

Ergani 埃尔加尼 

Eridu 埃利都 

Erk-Kala 埃尔克卡拉 

Ertebolle 埃泰博勒 

Esagila 埃萨吉拉 

Esquilino 埃斯奎利诺 

Essex 埃塞克斯 

Etemenanki 埃特曼安吉 

Etruria 伊特鲁里亚 

Eucratideia 尤克拉蒂迪亚 

Euphrates River 幼发拉底河 

F 

Faiy m 法尤姆 

Fars 法尔斯 

Fauresmith 福尔史密斯 

F re-en-Tardenois 塔德努瓦 

Figeac 菲雅克 

Fingnoi River 芬诺伊河 

F r z b d 菲鲁扎巴德 

Flandre 佛兰德 

Folsom 福尔瑟姆 

Fondukistan 丰杜基斯坦 

Font-de-Gaume 丰德高姆 

Franchthi 弗兰克西 

Fraser River 弗雷泽河 

Frenchman 弗伦奇曼 

Fribourg 弗里堡 

G 

Gamble 甘布尔 

G ndh ra 犍陀罗 

Ganges River 恒河 

Ganj-i-Dareh 甘吉达雷 

Gard z 嘎尔底兹 

Garonne﹐Rivi re 加龙河 

Gawra 高拉 

Gaya 格雅 

Gede﹐Sungai 格德河 

Geibal 杰贝勒 

Gela 杰拉 

Georgia State 佐治亚州 

Gerar 盖拉尔 

Germalus 吉尔马鲁斯 

Gerze 格尔塞(一译盖尔泽) 

Ghar-i-Hutu 胡图洞 

Ghar-i-Kamarband (Belt Cave) 带洞 

Ghar-i-Mar(Snake Cave) 蛇洞 

Giaur Kala 贾乌尔卡拉 

Gila River 希拉河 

Giza 吉萨 

Gorg n [Gurgan] 戈尔甘 

Gourni 古尔尼亚 

Grave Creek Mound 格雷夫克里克墩 

Great Zab River 大扎卜河 

Grenoble 格勒诺布尔 

Grimaldi 格里马迪 

Gua-Dob 高瓦-道布 

Gua lawa Cave 瓜拉瓦洞穴 

Gudzhirte 古德吉尔特 

Guerrero 格雷罗 

Gujarat State 古吉拉特邦 

G nz 贡兹 

Guran 古兰 

Guri Cave 古里洞穴 

H 

Ha Bac 河北 

Hacilar 哈吉拉尔 

Hadar 哈达尔 

Ha a 哈达(佛寺) 

Hagia Triada 圣特里阿达 

Haji Muhammad 哈吉?穆罕默德 

Halaf 哈拉夫 

Halfa 哈勒法 

Hallstatt 哈尔施塔特 

Halys River 哈利斯河 

Ha Nam Nink 河南宁 

Harappa 哈拉帕 

Harmal 哈马尔 

Hars n 哈尔辛 

Ha Son Binh 河山平 

Hassuna 哈苏纳 

Hastinapur 诃斯提那普尔 

Hatra 哈特拉 

Hattus 哈吐斯 

Hattusa 哈吐沙 

Haw ra 哈瓦拉 

Heidelberg 海德堡 
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Hendu Kosh [Hindu Kush] 兴都库什 

Her t 也里(赫拉特) 

Hermionid 赫尔密翁尼德 

Hertfordshire 赫特福德郡 

Heuneberg 霍伊纳贝格 

Hierakonpolis 耶拉孔波利斯(一译希拉康坡里) 

Hilla 希拉 

Hiss r 希萨尔 

Hissarlik 希萨立克 

Hoa Binh 和平 

Hohokam 霍霍卡姆 

Holstein 荷尔斯泰因 

Hopewell 霍普韦尔 

Huari 瓦里 

Huarmey 瓦尔梅 

Huarochiri 瓦罗奇里 

Huasteca 瓦斯特卡 

Hudson Bay 哈得孙湾 

Hulen Lake 胡伦湖 

I 

Ia i 雅西 

Iberian Peninsula 伊比利亚半岛 

Ica 伊卡 

Idaho State 爱达荷州 

Ikh Khushot 伊和呼舒特 

Ilford 伊尔福德 

Ilion 伊利昂 

Ilios 伊利奥斯 

Ilium 伊留姆 

Illinois State 伊利诺伊州 

Inca 印加 

Indiana State 印第安纳州 

Ingolstadt 因戈尔施塔特 

Intihuatana 因蒂瓦塔纳 

Ionia 爱奥尼亚 

Ionian Islands 伊奥尼亚群岛(一译爱奥尼亚群岛) 

Iowa State 艾奥瓦州(一译衣阿华州) 

Ioway 艾奥韦 

Ipiutak 伊皮乌塔克 

Iracklio 伊拉克利翁 

Irian Pulau 伊里安岛 

Irrawaddy River 伊洛瓦底江 

Irvington 欧文顿 

Is re 伊泽尔 

Ishchali 伊夏里 

Istanbul 伊斯坦布尔 

Ithaca 伊萨卡 

J 

Jabalpur 贾巴尔普尔 

Jal l b d 贾拉拉巴德 

Jalapa 哈拉帕[危﹑墨] 

Jamdat Nasr 杰姆代特奈斯尔(一译捷姆迭特那色) 

Jamuna River 贾木纳河 

Janislawice 亚尼斯拉维采 

Jarmo 耶莫(一译杰尔莫) 

Jericho 耶利哥(一译杰里科) 

Jerusalem 耶路撒冷 

Jhelum River 杰赫勒姆河 

Jhukar 丘卡尔 

Jogjakarta 日惹 

J nk ping 延雪平 

Jordan River 约旦河 

Jubeil 朱拜勒 

Judaen Hills 犹大山 

Jutland 日德兰半岛 

K 

Kabushiyah 凯布希耶 

Kachin 克钦 

Kafiavana 卡菲亚瓦纳 

Kagera 卡盖拉 

Kail sa 盖拉萨 

Kail san tha 盖拉萨那陀寺 

Kailiu 卡伊利乌 

Kalanay 卡拉奈 

Kalasasaya 卡拉萨萨亚 

Kalibangan 卡里班甘 

Kalumpang 加隆邦 

Kamares 卡马雷斯 

Kamasian Plateau 卡马西亚高原 

Kaminaljuj 卡米纳尔胡尤 

Kandah r 坎大哈 

Kandy 康提 

Kanesh 卡内什(一译卡尼斯) 

Kan Hassan 坎哈桑 

Kanjera 坎杰拉 

Kansas 堪萨斯 

Karama﹐Sungai 卡拉马河 

Karanovo 卡拉诺沃 

Kar m Shahir 卡里姆沙希尔 

K rle 卡尔利 

Karmir Blur 卡米尔布卢尔 

Karnak 卡纳克 

Karum 卡鲁姆 

Kausambi 俱赏弥 

Kayalidere 卡亚利德雷 

Kayseri 开塞利 

Kebara 凯巴拉 

Kedung Brubus 克东布鲁布斯 

Kendeng﹐Gunung 肯登山 

Kent County 肯特郡 

Kentucky State 肯塔基州 

Kerinci﹐Danau 葛林芝湖 

Kerm n 克尔曼 

Kerm nsh h 克尔曼沙阿 

Keros 克罗斯 

Kh b r﹐Nahr al 哈布尔河 
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Khaf ji 海法吉(一译卡法伊) 

Khangai Range 杭爱山脉 

Kharakhorin 哈拉和林 

Khara-Us-Nur 哈拉乌斯湖 

Kharga﹐Oasis 哈里杰绿洲 

Khellale 海拉莱 

Khentei Mountains 肯特山脉 

Kherlen Gol 克鲁伦河 

Khirokitia 基罗基蒂亚 

Khon Kaen﹐Changwat 孔敬府 

Khorram b d 霍拉马巴德 

Khorsabad 豪尔萨巴德 

Khosho Tsaidam 呼舒柴达木 

Khuni Gol 呼尼河 

Khur s n 呼罗珊 

Kh zest n 胡齐斯坦 

Kiik-Koba 基克科巴 

Kingsdown 金斯当 

Kinshasa 金沙萨 

Kirkuk 基尔库克 

Kish 基什 

Kiva 基瓦 

Knista 克尼斯塔 

Knossos 克诺索斯 

Kokcha River 科克恰河 

K m el Dikka 考姆迪凯 

K m el Shugafa 考姆舒盖法 

Konya 科尼亚 

Koobi Fora 科比福拉 

Koonalda 库纳尔达 

Kota Tampan 哥打淡边 

Koubba 库巴 

Kowm al-A mar 考姆艾哈迈尔 

Kow Swamp 科斯旺普 

Krapina 克拉皮纳 

Krishna River 克里希纳河 

Kromdraai 克罗姆德拉伊 

Kuh-i-Rahmat 拉赫马特山 

K ltepe 屈尔丘 

Kumbi Saleh 昆比萨利赫 

Kurram Rud 古勒姆河 

Kush 库什 

Kussara 库萨拉 

Kutei 库泰 

Kuyunjik 库云吉克 

L 

Labrador 拉布拉多 

La Chapelle-aux- Saints 拉沙佩勒索-欧赛恩茨 

Lachish 莱基 

La Ferrassie 拉费拉西 

Lagash 拉格什 

La Gravette 拉格拉韦特 

L h n 拉洪 

Lakhuti 拉库蒂 

Lallo 拉尔洛 

La Madeleine 拉马德莱纳 

Lambayeque 兰巴耶克 

La Micoque 米寇克 

La Paz 拉巴斯 

La Pita 拉皮塔 

L risa 拉里萨 

L rk na 拉尔卡纳 

Lascaux 拉斯科克斯 

Latakia 拉塔基亚 

La T ne 拉登 

Latium 拉丁姆 

Laussel 洛塞勒 

La Venta 拉本塔 

Lawu 拉武 

Lehner 莱纳 

Lembu﹐Gunung 伦布山 

Le Moustier 勒穆斯捷 

Leopold 利奥波德 

Lerna 勒纳 

Les Eyzies 莱塞济 

Leucas 莱夫卡斯 

Leuwiliang 勒维利昂 

Levallois-Perret 勒瓦卢瓦-佩雷 

Levant 黎凡特 

Limburg 林堡 

Lindenmeier 林登迈尔 

Lipuun Point 利普温角 

Lisht 利什特 

Little Zab River 小扎卜河 

Liwan 利万 

Llano 拉诺 

Locri 洛克里 

Loma a ishi 洛马沙梨西 

Lor l i 洛拉莱 

Lorestan [Luristan] 洛雷斯坦 

Lot 洛特 

Lothal 罗塔尔 

Loveloke Cave 拉夫洛克洞穴 

Lupemba 卢彭巴 

Luxor 卢克索 

Luzon Island 吕宋岛 

Lyon 里昂 

M 

Macedonia 马其顿 

Machaffie 麦克哈菲 

Machu Picchu 马丘比丘 

Macon 梅肯 

Madras 马德拉斯 

Madrid 马德里 

Mae Hong Son﹐Changwat 夜丰颂府 

Magdalena 马格达莱纳 

Maghreb 马格里布 

Maglemose 马格勒莫瑟 

Magosi 马戈西 

Magwe 马圭 

Maharashtra State 马哈拉施特拉邦 

Mahdia 马赫迪耶 

Maiden Castle 梅登堡 

Mai Sang Nan 迈桑南 

Makapan 马卡潘 

Malawi 马拉维 

Malia 马利亚 

Malta Island 马耳他岛 

Mamacona 马马科纳 

Manche 芒什 

Manching 曼兴 

Mandan 曼丹 

Mantova(Mantua) 曼托瓦(曼图亚) 

Manunggul Cave 马农古尔洞穴 

M ri 马里 

Mariana Islands 马里亚纳群岛 

Marlborough Mountain 莫尔伯勒山 

Maroni River 马罗尼河 

Marquesas Islands 马克萨斯群岛 

Marquette 马凯特 

Masbate 马斯巴特 

Maski 马斯基 

Massachusetts State 马萨诸塞州 

Mastaba 马斯塔巴墓群 

Mathur 马图拉 

Mauer 毛尔 

Maung Pa Cave 孟坝洞 

Mayapan 马雅潘 

Mazar-i-Sharif 马扎里沙里夫 

Mecklenburg 梅克伦堡 

Media 米太(米底) 

Mehrgarh 梅赫尔格尔 

Meidum 迈杜姆 

Melanesia 美拉尼西亚 

Memphis 孟菲斯 

Menthon 芒通 

Merimde 迈里姆德 

Mersin 梅尔辛 

Meru 梅鲁神山(须弥神山) 

Mesa Verd 梅萨弗德 

Mesopotamia 美索不达米亚 

Mexico City 墨西哥城 

Meylan 梅朗 

Michigan State 密歇根州(一译密执安州) 

M los 米洛斯 

Min b 米纳卜 

Minbu 敏巫 

Mindel 明德尔 

Minnesota State 明尼苏达州 

Minos 米诺斯 

Mir Zakah 米尔扎卡 

Mississippi River 密西西比河 

Mississippi State 密西西比州 

Missouri State 密苏里州 

Mitanni 米坦尼 

Mochica [Moche] 莫奇卡(莫切) 

Mogollon 莫戈永 

Mohenjo Daro 莫亨佐达罗(一译莫亨朱达罗) 

Mohra Moradu 莫赫拉莫拉都 

Moiltyn-am 莫尔特因阿姆 

Monks mound 芒克斯墩 

Montana State 蒙大拿州 

Monte Alb n 蒙特阿尔万 

Moravia 摩拉维亚 

Morbihan 莫尔比昂 

Mortain 莫尔坦 

Mosna﹐R o 莫斯纳河 

Mosul 摩苏尔 

Mrgadava 鹿野苑 

Mseel 姆西勒 

Mullerup 穆勒鲁普 

Mundigak 蒙迪加克 

Mungo Lake 蒙戈湖 

Munhata 蒙哈塔 

Muqayyar 穆盖伊尔 

Mycenae 迈锡尼 

N 

Nabi Y nus 奈比尤努斯 

Nabta 纳卜塔 

Nachikufan 那契库法 

Naco 纳科 

Nakuru 纳库鲁 

Nalanda 那烂陀 

Nandangarh 南丹格尔 

Naples [Napoli] 那不勒斯(那波利) 

Naq da 涅伽达(一译奈加代) 

N sik 纳西克 

Natuf 纳吐夫 

Naucratis 瑙克拉提斯 

Nazca 纳斯卡 

Neandertal 尼安德特 

Nea Nikomedeia 新尼科门迪亚 

Nebraska 内布拉斯加 

Nepe a﹐R o 内佩尼亚河 

Neuch tel 纳沙泰尔 

Nevada State 内华达州 

New Britain Island 新不列颠岛 

New Caledonia 新喀里多尼亚 

Newfoundland 纽芬兰 

New Ireland Island 新爱尔兰岛 

New Mexico State 新墨西哥州 

New South Wales 新南威尔士 

Neysh b r [Nish p r] 内沙布尔 

Ngandong 昂栋 

Nghe Tinh 义静 

Niah 尼阿 

Niaux Cave 诺克斯洞穴 

Niffer 尼费尔 

Nile 尼罗河 

Nimr d 尼姆鲁德 

Nineveh 尼尼微 

Ninua 尼努瓦 

Nippur 尼普尔 

Noin Ula 诺彦乌拉 

Nombe 农贝 

Non Nok Tha 能诺他 

Norfolk 诺福克 

Normandie 诺曼底 

Norovlin 瑙罗布林 

Northern Hangay 北杭爱省 

Northumberland 诺森伯兰 

Norton 诺顿 

Nova Zagora 新扎戈拉 

Nubia 努比亚 

Nubt 努卜特 

Nuku Hiva 努库希瓦 

Nuzi 努济 

Nyaungu 良乌 

O 

Oaxaca 瓦哈卡 

Obo Ot 敖包奥特 

Obre 奥布雷 

O kov 奥奇科夫 

Ofnet 奥夫内特 

Ohio State 俄亥俄州 

Okvik 奥克维克 

Olduvai Gorge 奥杜瓦伊峡縠 

Olympia 奥林匹亚 

Olympus 奥林波斯 

Omo 奥莫 

Ongiyn Gol 翁金河 

Onon River 鄂嫩河 

Ophel 奥费尔山 

Oran 奥兰 

Orchomenos 奥尔霍迈诺斯 

Ordu Balyk 奥尔都巴里克(斡耳朵八里) 

Oregon State 俄勒冈州 

Orhon Gol 鄂尔浑河 

Orkney﹐Islands 奥克尼群岛 

Oto 奥托 

Otson-Mant 奥特森蒙特 

Otzaki 奥察基 

Oumm ez-Zoueitina 乌姆祖韦提奈 

Oxus River 奥克苏斯河 

P 

Pachacamac 帕查卡马克 

Padha-lin Cave 巴德和林洞穴 

Paint Creek 佩恩特克里克 

Pak 巴克 

Palatino 帕拉蒂诺 

Palawan Island 巴拉望岛 

Palenque 帕伦克 

Palmyra 巴尔米拉 

Pandav Falls 潘达夫瀑布 

Panj﹐ b-e 喷赤河 

Papago 帕帕格 

Papua﹐Gulf of 巴布亚湾 

Paracas 帕拉卡斯 

Parnassus 帕尔纳索斯 

Parsa 伯尔萨 

Parthenon Temple 巴台农神庙 

Parthia 帕提亚 

Pas rg d [Pasargadae] 帕萨尔加德(帕萨加第) 

Patjitan 巴芝丹 

Patna 巴特那 

Patnos 帕特诺斯 

Pecos River 佩科斯河 

Peloponnesos 伯罗奔尼撒 

Perak﹐Sungai 霹雳河 

Pergamum 帕加马 

P rigord 佩里戈尔 

Persepolis 波斯波利斯 

Persian Gulf 波斯湾 

Pesh war 白沙瓦 

Pess 佩斯 

Petra 佩特拉 

Pharos 法罗斯 

Phraaspa 弗拉斯帕 

Phu Wiang 普渊 

Phylakope 菲拉科皮 

Pindal 平达尔 

Pisco 皮斯科 

Plainview 普莱恩维尤 

Plano 普莱诺 

Point Hope 波因特霍普 

Polynesia 波利尼西亚 

Pompei 庞培 

Pondicherry 本地治里 

Po River 波河 

Prescelly 普里塞利 

Priam 皮里阿姆 

Prospect 普罗斯佩克特 

Pueblo 普韦布洛 

Pul-i-Khumri 普勒胡姆里 

Purumuaca 普鲁穆阿卡 

Pylos 皮洛斯 

Pyr ne s 比利牛斯山脉 

P rgos 皮尔戈斯 

Q 

Qadan 盖丹 

Qara Balgas 哈拉巴勒嘎斯 

Quelvezin 凯尔韦赞 

Quetta Valley 奎达河縠 

Quirinale 奎里那莱 

Qunduz 昆都士 

Quynh-Van 琼文 

R 

Rabat 拉巴特 

Radziej w Kyjawski 拉杰尤夫库亚夫斯基 

Rahman Dheri 拉赫曼泰里 

R jasth n State 拉贾斯坦邦 

Rana Ghundai 拉纳昆代 

Rancho La Brea 兰乔拉布雷阿 

Rano Raraku 拉诺拉拉库 

R shtrakuta 拉什特拉库塔 

Ras Shamra 拉斯沙姆拉 

Ravenna 拉韦纳 

R vi 拉维 

R walpindl 拉瓦尔品第 

Rayy 赖伊 
Retfeld 雷特费尔德 

Rethel 勒泰勒 

Rhakotis 拉科提斯 

Rhein 莱茵河 

Rheinland-Pfalz﹐Land 莱茵兰-普法尔茨州 

Rh ne﹐Rivi re 罗讷河 

Rimah 里迈 

R o Seco 里奥塞科 

Riss 里斯 

Rocky Mountain 落基山 

R lu s 罗洛 

Rovereto 罗韦雷托 

Royal Oak 罗亚尔奥克 

Rudna Glava 鲁德纳格拉瓦 

Ruthmore 鲁斯莫尔 

S 

Saale 萨勒 

Sabarack 沙巴拉克 

Sacred Basin 圣湖 

Sacsayhuaman 萨克赛瓦曼 

a ara﹐B r 撒哈拉井 

Saint Acheul 圣阿舍尔 

Saint Apollinare 圣阿波里纳雷教堂(拉韦纳) 

Saint Calixtus 圣卡利克都斯 

Saint Germain-en-laye 圣日耳曼-昂莱 

Saint Mark 圣马可教堂(威尼斯) 

Saint Sophia 圣索非亚教堂(伊斯坦布尔) 

Saint Vitale 圣维塔莱教堂(拉韦纳) 
如需转载，请注明来自：FanE『翻译中国』http;//www.FanE.cn
Salayar 萨拉亚尔 

Salisbury 索尔兹伯里 

Salonika 萨洛尼卡 

Salzburg 萨尔茨堡 

Samaria 撒马利亚 

Samborzec 桑博热茨 

Samoa 萨摩亚 

Samrong Sen 三隆森 

Sandia Cave 桑迪亚洞 

Sangamon 桑加蒙 

Sangiran 桑义兰 

Sango 桑戈 

San Marcos 圣马科斯 

San Pedro 圣佩德罗 

aqq ra 萨卡拉(一译塞加拉) 

Sarawak 沙捞越 

S rn th 萨尔纳特 

Sawwan 索万 

Saynshand 赛音山达 

Scandinavia 斯堪的纳维亚 

Scarborough 斯卡伯勒 

Seine﹐Rivi re 塞纳河 

Seip 塞普 

Selenga River 色楞格河 

Serikan River 塞里坎河 

Sesklo 塞斯克罗 

Seth 塞特 

Sevrei 色布来 

Seyl’Aqlat 塞勒阿格莱特 

Shahr-i Folak 沙赫里福拉克 

Shanidar 沙尼达尔 

Shan State 掸邦 

Shini Us Lake 新乌苏湖 

Sh r z 设拉子 

Shotorak Temple 绍托拉克佛寺 

Shotor Temple 绍托尔佛寺 

Shukbah 苏克巴 

Sh sh 舒什 

Shushan 苏桑 

Siam 暹罗 

Sidi Abderrahman 西迪阿卜杜勒拉赫曼 

Sidon 西顿 

Si mr ap 暹粒 

Silesia 西里西亚 

Sinaf 锡纳夫 

Sinai 西奈 

Sind 信德 

Sinj r 辛贾尔 

Sipapu 锡帕普 

S phnus 锡夫诺斯 

Sippar 西巴尔 

Sirkap 锡尔开普 

Sirsukh 锡尔苏克 

Sjaelland 西兰岛 

Skara Brae 斯卡拉布雷 

Skhul Cave 斯胡尔洞穴 

Smithfield 斯密斯菲尔德 

Smoky Hill 斯莫基希尔 

Snaketown 斯内克敦 

Soan 索安 

Soghun 索昆 

Solo﹐Bengawan 梭罗河 

Solutr 梭鲁特雷 

Somme﹐Rivi re 索姆河 

Somon Huld 索蒙呼勒特 

Souphli 苏夫利 

Sparta 斯巴达 

Srinagar 斯利那加 

Star Carr 斯塔卡 

Star evo 斯塔尔切沃 

Sterkfontein 斯泰克方丹 

Stillbay 司蒂尔贝 

Stonehenge 斯通亨奇 

Suberde 苏伯德 

Sulawesi 苏拉威西 

Sulphur Springs 萨尔弗斯普林斯 

Sumba 松巴 

Sumer 苏美尔 

Sunglon River 松隆河 

Surabaya 泗水 

Surkh Kotal 苏尔赫科塔尔 

Susa 苏萨 

Susiane 苏锡安 

Sutszukte 苏珠克特 

Swaffham 斯沃弗姆 

Swartkrans 斯瓦特克朗斯 

Syracuse 锡拉库萨 

Syros 锡罗斯 

T 

Ta'annek 塔安尼克 

Tabasco 塔瓦斯科 

Tabon Cave 塔邦洞 

Tabun Cave 塔本洞 

Tagisk n 塔吉斯坎 

Tagus﹐R o 塔古斯河 

Tahiti 塔希提 

Takht-e Jamshid 塔赫特贾姆希德 

Takht-i Kuwad 塔赫提库瓦德 

Takht-i Rustam 塔赫蒂鲁斯塔姆 

Tamil 泰米尔 

Tamtsag Bulag 塔木察格布拉格 

Tanis 塔尼斯 

Tariat 塔里亚特 

Tarquinia 塔尔奎尼亚 

Tartaria 塔尔塔里亚 

T s 塔萨 

Tasmania Island 塔斯马尼亚岛 

Tassili 塔西利 

Taung 塔翁 

Taunggyi 东枝区 

Tautaval 陶塔维 

Taxila 呾叉始罗(塔克西拉) 

Tayac 泰亚克 

Tegelen 泰赫伦 

Tell Abu Hureyra 阿布胡赖拉丘 

Tell Abu Shahrain 阿布沙赫赖因丘 

Tell Asmar 阿斯马尔丘 

Tell Atchana 阿恰纳丘 

Tell Beit Mirsim 拜特米尔辛丘 

Tell Brak 布拉克丘 

Tell Duweir 杜韦尔丘 

Tell el Am rna 阿马尔奈丘(一译阿玛纳) 

Tell el-Oheimir 奥海米尔丘 

Tell Fara 法拉丘 

Tell Hariri 哈里里丘 

Tell-i-bakum 巴昆丘 

Tell Ingharra 印嘎拉丘 

Tell Mardikh 马尔迪赫丘 

Tell Mureybet 穆赖拜特丘 

Telloh 泰洛赫 

Tell Ramad 拉马德丘 

T n r 泰内雷 

Tennessee State 田纳西州 

Tenochtitl n 特诺奇蒂特兰 

Teotihuacan 特奥蒂瓦坎 

Tepe Sarab 萨拉卜 

Tepe Sialk 锡亚勒克 

Tepexpan 特佩斯潘 

Tepe Yahya 雅亚(一译叶海亚) 

Tereldzhin-Dervelzhin 特列勒金方台 

Terfawi﹐B r 泰尔法维井 

Ternifine 特尼芬 

Tev ek 泰维耶克 

Tevsh Ula 特布希乌拉 

Texas State 得克萨斯州 

Texcoco﹐Lago 特斯科科湖 

Thai Bink 太平 

Thames River 泰晤士河 

Thanh Hoa 清化 

Thebes 底比斯 

Thera 锡拉岛 

Thessaly 色萨利 

Thule 图勒 

Tiahuanaco 蒂亚瓦纳科 

Tiber River 台伯河 

Tigris River 底格里斯河 

Tikal 蒂卡尔 

Timidouin 提米都因 

Timor 帝汶岛 

Tin Ein Cave 廷艾因洞 

Tiouine 提温 

Tiryns 梯林斯 

Tjabeng 扎本埃 

Tlatloco 特拉特洛科 

Tohua Kikokua 托瓦基科夸 

Tonle Sap 洞里萨河 

Top-i Rustam 托皮鲁斯塔姆 

Toronto 多伦多 

Toscano 托斯卡诺 

Toulouse 图卢兹 

Trentino 特伦蒂诺 

Tres Zapotes 特雷斯萨波特斯 

Trinil 特里尼尔 

Troy 特洛伊 

Trujillo 特鲁希略 

Tshitoli 奇托利 

Tszurmte 珠鲁木特 

T bingen 蒂宾根 

Tuc d'Audoubert 蒂多杜贝尔 

Tula Gol 图勒河 

Tumbes 通贝斯 

Tursac 蒂尔萨克 

Tuscany 托斯卡纳 

Tutub 图图卜 

Tyre 提尔(推罗) 

U 

Ubeidiyeh 欧拜迪耶 

Udaipur 乌代布尔 

Udon Thani﹐Changwat 乌隆府 

Uere 韦雷河 

Ugarit 乌加里特 

Uhaimir 乌海米尔 

Ulam Gom 乌兰固木 

Um el-Qaab 乌姆加卜 

Umm Dabaghiyah 乌姆达巴吉耶 

Upper Republican 上里帕布利肯 

Uppsala 乌普萨拉 

Uqair﹐Al 欧盖尔 

Urmieh﹐D ry chehye 乌尔米耶湖 

Uruk 乌鲁克 

Utah State 犹他州 

Uxmal 乌斯马尔 

V 

Vallonnet 瓦隆内 

Van 凡城 

Vanhem 万海姆 

Van Lake 凡湖 

Vapheio 瓦菲奥 

V r nas 瓦拉纳西 

Veii 维爱 

Venezia 威尼斯 

Veracruz 韦拉克鲁斯 

Vergina 韦尔吉纳 

Veria 韦尼亚 

Vert ssz l s 韦尔泰什瑟勒斯 

Vesuvius 维苏威火山 

Villafranca d'Asti 维拉弗朗 

Villanova 微兰诺微(一译维拉诺瓦) 

Viminale 维米纳莱 

Vin a 温查 

Vindhya Range 温迪亚山脉 

Vinh Phu 永富 

Virginia State 弗吉尼亚州 

Vir 比鲁 

Vix 维克斯 

V los 沃洛斯 

Vulci 武尔奇 

W 

Wad Cave 沃德洞穴 

Wadi Fallah 法拉赫 

Wadi Guettara 盖塔拉 

Wadi Halfa 瓦迪哈勒法 

Wadi Madamagh 马达马格 

Wales 威尔士 

Wall 瓦尔 

Wallanae River 瓦拉纳河 

Wallendorf 瓦伦多夫 

Warka 瓦尔卡 

Watom 瓦托姆 

Weichsel 魏克瑟尔河(维斯瓦河) 

Willendorf 维伦多夫 

Williams 威廉斯 

Wilton 威尔顿 

Wiltshire 威尔特郡 

Winay Wayna 维奈瓦伊纳 

Wisconsin State 威斯康星州 

Woodcutt 伍德卡特 

Woodland 伍德兰 

Wuppertal 伍珀塔尔 

W rm 维尔姆 

W rttemberg﹐Land 符腾堡州 

Wyoming State 怀俄明州 

Y 

Yakhsu 亚克苏 

Yamat Nor 亚马特湖 

Yapahuva 雅帕护瓦 

Yarim 耶里姆 

Yarkh Mount 亚赫山 

Yarmouth 雅茅斯 

Yenangyaung 仁安羌 

York 约克郡 

Youlbury 尤尔伯里 

Yucatan 尤卡坦 

Yukon River 育空河 

Z 

Zagros Mountains 扎格罗斯山脉 

Zarzi 扎尔济 

Zawi Chemi 扎维凯米 

Zhob River 兹霍布河

　　一项买家调查显示，有45％的受访海外专业买家认为中国大陆的质量管理程序正在逐渐改善中，约50％的受访买家认为中国大陆制造产品的价格比香港台湾地区同类产品要低11－50％。但尽管如此，海外买家仍表示他们在采购时还是会考虑其他因素，沟通能力就是其中之一。Bernie Holmbraker先生在亚洲供应商和海外买家的贸易及外贸沟通领域，拥有近20年的从业经验，包括学术研究、论文撰写、演讲教授以及提供顾问咨询等。他曾管理由80名销售及营销人员组成的销售团队，进行了数百次对中国供应商工厂的实地采访。排除特定条件，Holmbraker先生对供应商在沟通能力方面的要求不乏共性，他希望与之沟通的供应商能够：了解行业、了解产品、熟悉国际贸易流程、英语口头与书面表达自如、且有决策力。这样可以促进沟通的有效快速进行，而在高效率的现代经济时代，提高效率对买卖双方的生存和盈利来说都显得尤为重要。 
良好的沟通在与买家关系上的作用显而易见，然而不能忽略的是，沟通的内容是企业的实力。出口企业在沟通中要实事求是，诚信为本。目前一个明显的趋势是国际大买家日益关注社会责任、关注企业形象，为了维护企业的品牌，他们会将企业理念延伸至供应商，要求自己的供应商与企业维持同样的价值观念，比如社会责任、企业理念等。而这种价值观念需要至少体现在同一个项目上，供应商要不折不扣的执行。有的买家在偶然中发现，自己的供应商通过了ISO认证，但是在实际的操作中却完全忽视了ISO必要的步骤，质量认证体系形同虚设。当然，这个供应商失去了以后的订单。遗憾的是，这不是个案。在买家对社会责任，员工待遇、环保意识等问题提出基本要求之后，给出口企业提出了管理上的高要求。要求企业在确保性价比的基础上，保证员工待遇、企业社会责任感。而为确保没有“意外”发生，买家不得不进行多次的突击抽查。换个角度来看，买家的高要求对出口企业的长期发展是有利的，促进了企业的不断革新、进步。

　　专业有效的买家沟通帮助出口企业找到长期合作伙伴有的沟通可以帮助出口企业了解买家的表面需求——采购细则，以及其他的潜在需求，比如合作伙伴的寻找。买家的目的是发掘市场上的热销产品，并且在合理的价格采购到这些产品。总的来说，买家要采购能够为企业带来最大投资回报率的产品。因此，要求供应商的产品从设计上、价格上、或者性价比上能超越竞争对手，买家自身能因此赢得竞争力。而采购过程耗时耗力，且耗费金钱，大买家们为了采购到理想的产品足迹遍布全球，忙碌于在采购市场上搜索每一个可能的候选产品及候选供应商。专业买家在采购过程中的主要目的不仅是寻找好的产品，更在寻找适合的合作伙伴。通过减少与供应商的磨合期来提高采购效率，因为每寻找一个新的供应商，买家就必须为此付出搜索、评估的代价，而往往这个价格高于培训供应商及培育合作伙伴。
不少具备发展意识的出口企业借OEM的机会，合理提高管理水平，大力发展自有技术实力及研发水平，从而在业务进程中有不断的实现提升。在保有老客户的情况下，也逐渐加强实力吸引新的客户。而给予买家的诚信可靠的形象也为其带来了新的客户，许多出口企业有深刻的经验，由现有客户介绍而来的客户，往往最快达成订单，因为沟通的基础已经在客户的帮助下建立起来了。
而希望供应商具备设计能力的不止OEM买家，买家除了采购成品之外，还会希望供应商根据自己的要求进行设计或配合自己的设计师进行生产设计。对此，鞍山亚世光电显示有限公司的边瑞群副总经理深有体会。鞍山亚世光电的客户几乎遍布全球，边女士表示，买家的要求各有不同，一般而言，大买家有着自己的评估体系，相对来说，企业往往需要跟随大买家的体系，包括采购体系、物流体系等。大买家更多会以看待战略合作伙伴的方式处理问题，比如将其项目要求递交给供应商，给予企业一定的空间来安排买家的订单执行。尽管获得大买家的订单的难度比较大，前期沟通时间比较长，但一旦达成合作，后续订单的达成就比较轻松了。而相对而言，小客户更关注产品本身，也相对会比较容易因其他公司的价格低而转移订单。

　　鞍山亚世光电是中国顶级的TN及STNLCD玻璃屏及模块（LCM）制造商之一，除了小部分OEM订单给三星、LG等大买家外，主要以自有Y e s品牌出口国际市常鞍山亚世光电将客户服务与价格放在同等重要的地位，在沟通方面，鞍山亚世光电的做法是培养专业外销人员。他们按国际市场地区划分，比如欧洲市尝美洲市尝亚洲市场等等。每个外销人员在正式与买家沟通前，都有半年到一年的专业培训期，在各生产环节中轮岗，了解从设计图、各生产线，到客户反馈等各步骤，熟悉企业的整个生产流程。边瑞群女士表示，买家最关心的是企业的实力与规模。已经有合作的客户对企业的技术水平、价格水平、交货期限、产品质量有了一定的了解，而没有合作过的客户则需要一段磨合期来相互适应。而在这个过程中，专业的外贸人员与买家的沟通就越发重要起来，可以减少一切不必要的失误。鞍山亚世光电的外销售人员熟稔公司生产流程给买家留下很好的印象，他们能及时回复买家的查询。对于有些客户提出的设计要求，也可以顺利地安排回应，有些买家在设计样品完成后，因为市场情况变化而要求更改设计，鞍山亚世光电也会酌情安排，保持与客户及潜在客户的良好关系。

本合同由买卖双方订立，根据本合同规定的条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售下述商品：
This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers, whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below:
(1)货名及规格
Description of goods (2)数量
Quantity (3)单价
Unity Price （4）总价
Total Amount
       
(5)装 运 日 期：
TIME OF SHIPMENT: Within    days after receipt of L/C allowing transshipment and partial shipment.
(6)装 运 口 岸 PORT OF SHIPMENT：
(7)到 货 口 岸 PORT OF DESTINATION：
(8)付 款 条 件：100%不可撤销信用证由买方开出并在（双方约定之日）到达卖方，该信用证在装运日期后15天在中国议付有效。如信用证迟到，卖方对延期装运不承担任何责任，卖方并有权撤销本合和/或提出损害赔偿。
口By 100% irrevocable L/C to be open by the buyer in time to reach the seller not latter than -----and to be available for negotiation in China until the fifth day after the date of shipment. Incase of late arrival of the L/C, the seller shall not liable for any delay in shipment and shall have right to rescind the contract and /or claim for damages.
(9)保 险 条 款：由卖方按照中国保险条款按CIF发票金额110%投保一切险和战争险（和其他险）
口To be effected by the seller for 110% of CIF invoice value against all risks and war risks only as per China Insure Clauses.
(10)装 运 条 款：应按照《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定办理。凡按CFR和CIF到达的术语达成的交易，如船公司在运费外加收的各种附加费包括港口拥挤费等概由买方负担
口To be governed by “INTERCOM2000”. For transactions concluded CFR or CIF terms, all surcharges include port congestion surcharges, etc. levied by the shipping company, in addition to freight, shall be for the Buyer’s account.
（11）索      赔：买方对本合同下装运货物的任何索赔必须于货物到达目的港后30天内提出并须担供经卖方同意的检验机构出具的检验报告供卖方审核。在任何情况下卖方对间接损失不承担赔偿责任，属于保险公司、船公司、运输机构和/或邮局责任范围内的索赔卖方不予受理。
口Claim: Any claim by the buyer concerning the goods shipped hereunder shall be filed within 30 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination and supported by a survey report approved by the seller for the seller’s examination. In no event shall the seller be liable for indirect or consequential damages. Claims in respect of matters within the scope of responsibility of the Insurance company, shipping company, transportation organization and/or post office will not be entertained by the Seller.
(12)不 可 抗 力：如由于自然灾害、战争或其他不可抗力的原因致使卖方对本合同下的货物不能装运或延迟装运，卖方对此不负担任何责任。但卖方应立即通知买方并于15天内以航空挂号函件寄给买方由中国国际贸易促进委员会（中国国际商会）出具的证明发生此类事件的证明书。
口FORCE MAJEURE: The Seller shall not be liable for non-delivery or delay in delivery of entire lot or a portion of the goods here under by reason of natural disasters, war or other causes of Force Majeure. However, the Seller shall notify the Buy as soon as possible and furnish the Buyer within 15 days by registered airmail with a certificate issued by the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (China Chamber of International Commence attesting such events).
(13)凡因本合同所发生的或与本合同的一切争议应通过友好协商解决。如协商无法解决，争议应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会根据其仲裁规则进仲裁。仲裁地点在上海。仲裁裁决是终局的，对双方都有约束力。
口ARBITRATION: All disputes arising out of or in connection with this contract shall be settled amicable through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached through negotiation, the case shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the commission’s rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration. The arbitration shall take place in Shanghai. The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.
(14)附       注：买方应立即将本合同签署后退正本一份给卖方存查。如本合同送达买方10天内未签回，应视为买方已接受本合同所规定的全部条款。
口REMARKS：The buyer is requested to sign and return one original of this Contract, duly signed to the seller for file immediately. Should the Buyer fail to do so within 10 days after arrival of this Contract at the Buyer’s end, the buyer shall be deemed as having accepted all the terms and conditions set forth in this Contract.
(15)特 别 条 款：（如特别条款与印刷条款有抵触时，应以此特别条款为准。）
口SPECIAL CONDITION:(These shall prevail over all printed terms in case of any conflict.)

巴基斯坦轴承买家 SUMMER IMPEX 或者 BACHOO AND COMPONY 已经臭名昭著的“老黑户”，许多外国网站有投诉！
但此公司不在巴基斯坦，在新加坡！

谢谢楼主和各位论坛朋友，我收到了一封骗子来信，就是第一页第一个巴基斯坦的骗子。因为传真号一样，公司名字和邮箱都变了，我把信息发在这里，希望对那些被这家公司骗了的人有帮助。
GENERAL IMPEX, SHAHRAH-E-LIAQUAT,
 NEW CHALLI , KARACHI-PAKISTAN PHONE:009221-8345015 FAX:009221-5206308
 EMAIL: pnsakunion@gawab.com
ATTN: MANAGER EXPORTS
 DEAR SIR, KINDLY QUOTE PRICES FO FOLLOWING GOODS:
 A. TUBE STARTER 200000pcs.
 B. FLOURESENT TUBE LIGHT 40WATTS 220VOLTS 220V MODEL T10. DAY LITE 30000pcs
 C. CAPACITOR 80-110MFD 275 volts 30000pcs
 D.MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER 25000PCS
BEST REGARDS SHAN

2. 
国内供应商: "Shenzhen Hongdalai Industry Co.,Ltd"
被投诉原因: 收到买家样品费用不寄样品

3.英国买家: Cpalasa (UK) Ltd.
Tel:44-(0)704-011-5492
Fax:44-(0)707-505-5143 
Mallam Smith
被投诉原因: 做假汇款单骗货

英国买家: Cpalasa (UK) Ltd. Mallam Smith，也是“老黑户”，此人不是英国籍，是尼日利亚人！

4. contrast kids wear
专做有授权的订单如spiderman, lil bratz girl 等，做假汇单骗取货物。

5. mohammed al harazeen / MEDAL HARAZEEN 
这个客人2003年骗了我们工厂10多万美金
地址：gaza city israel
      38/2 shegaea st.（以色列加沙）
电话：00972/59/770782
      00972/82869019
哪位高手如果可以帮忙追回,愿分享50%,
我的EMAIL:jyrobert@yeah.net

mohammed al harazeen / MEDAL HARAZEEN 也是“老黑户”，此人不在以色列，是尼日利亚人！

6. 尼日利亚的骗子,叫ALIHU MUSA的..
借口NDDC采购商的名义,想诈骗650 美金..

7. MR.DON MICHEAL
STE C.C.PLUS SARL
C/127 MISSEBO COTONOU
REPUBLIC OF BENIN
TEL: 00229-97-64-57-56
上面這個公司拿到我們公司的報償後挑了十多款，都是100000pcs,還說預付，我懷疑，經查証為詐驢。還好，我還沒投入什么進去。大家註意BENIN騙子很多，而且都說是預付，接下來再一步步騙你。www.promobenin.com上查証。

MR.DON MICHEAL 此人是尼日利亚人！

8. UK CUSTOMER
    BHO IMPORTS LTD
 TEL : 0044 208 518 2900
 FAX : 0044 208 518 2901
 E-mail: bhoimports@hotmail.com

9. 土耳其公司 CEKA KAGITCILIK TIC VE SAN.LTD.STI，
该公司总是利用AT SIGHT L/C 作为诱饵，然后开证过来，但收到单据后也不付款，当你催款时，他们会说CONTAINER还没有到，真把人气死！对方银行更是一点信誉也没有，我方行催款时，他们干脆不理，货到后都不付款，还是拖延，这样的公司真的该死！请大家注意了，这是个信誉很差劲的公司！

10. 巴基斯坦骗子公司San Co.联系人Siddiq
该骗子利用预付款为诱饵，骗取我公司１５０００pcs 蓄电池，现在货还在卡拉奇，但提单仍然在我们手中，货退回不了，请问各位同行，有什么办法退货？
我的联系方式：
MSN:sales12@coopower.com
Thanks in advance

11. UK CUSTOMER
BHO IMPORTS LTD
TEL : 0044 208 518 2900
FAX : 0044 208 518 2901
E-mail: bhoimports@hotmail.com
此客户一贯喜欢 T/T 10% OR 20%. 货到港后，不提货，强迫降价. 因为他是英国客户
所以屡屡成功. 骗了不少国内公司
办公室电话永远无人接听
经常骗些服装样品去 EBAY 上卖
再遇到这样的家伙我们以毒攻毒,收到TT不发货让他着急去吧!哼!

12. 我曾有一个非洲客户，是多哥这个国家的，说是政府的代理，要为一个西非发展计划买显示器，要我报价，价格报出后就同意了，就说每种要３０００台，也没有要样品，要我们寄ＰＩ，寄过后，说我们要向他们登记，要我们到非洲去签字，说签了字钱才能打到我们帐户上，是政府为避免洗黑钱的作法，给六天的时间，说过期就不行了，这点时间显然不够，我们还要办户照，他们就说帮我们推荐一个律师，费用我们出，我们答应了，但要在货款里面扣，即钱往我们帐上打时可把律师费除去，他们说只有先付费才能办理手续，才能把钱打到我们帐户上，我们就在这个问题上达不成一致，结果我们就没先打钱过去，就这样不了了之，觉得这个一个骗局，哪有卖家还没卖东西就往外寄钱的？非常可疑，请大家遇到这样的情况要格外小心，以免上当．

13. NAME MR.COLLINS ANNOR
ADDRESS    AVENUE 18  REU 17 LOT 49 TREICHVILLE ABIDJAN IVORY COAST
ZIP CODE 00225
TELEPHONE 0022507996761

上面这个客户，我寄了两次样品给他，都是到付，他一直不还价，而且还说客人对我的样品很满意，下了25000的单子，但是形式发票发给他，他却不签，说要其它的样品，到时候一起签，我就不理他了。后来在MSN上面看到他，他竟然让我送他一部手机，说他的手机被偷了。我真的是无语啊。

NAME MR.COLLINS ANNOR 此人是尼日利亚人！

14. MUTOKINSON MERCHANTS BROTHERS
.NO.36,ADEBAYO STREET OFF DEMURING ROAD,KETU,LAGOS, NIGERIA.
ATT; M.T. TOKIPlease
上面这个其实是尼日利亚的，开始他与我联系的时候说是英国的，而且语法和单词错误很多。他下了一万五千的单子给我，价值10万美金，我同样打了形式发票给他，他没有签，但是让他们公司的同事，冒充英国的一家银行，发了邮件给我，说如果收到125只样品，就会把定金打到我的帐户里。真是晕倒，我说，先把形式发票签回，定金打到银行里，我会寄样品给他，他就没有再联络了。

MUTOKINSON MERCHANTS BROTHERS 此人是尼日利亚人！

15. TMS, INC
801 W. SR 436 STE# 2137
ALTAMONTE SPRINGS, FL 32714
USA
Telephone 407-862-6040

上面这个公司叫我给他样品, 并提供UPS帐号,但是,货到美国,她签收了. 几个月后UPS公司通知我他们拒付. 样品给了2次. 真讨厌,样品费几百块我没收,还要倒贴运费1500多块.真讨厌.提醒大家注意.

TMS, INC 这个公司不是美国的，注册地是罗拉岛（离岸公司）

16. 小心，土耳其的政府，只要货物扣在海关超过45days就有权拍卖，首先的收益人是持票人，所以他们喜欢拖、拖.....

17. 荷兰买家 Veldman Bags, 老板bernd VELDMAN
电话/传真:  +31 597-464444 
邮件: veldman1@planet.nl
被投诉原因: 种种借口解释付款不到原因，最后发现伪造银行单据
各位小心

18. 国内企业 天津鸿达化工贸易有限公司 叶良平
被投诉原因: 收到货款不发货,电话已停机。

19. 西班牙Tagenuk S.L公司 联系人Manoj
地址：C/ Bielorrusia 26,P Ind Guadalhorce,29004-Malaga-Spain
Tel. +34 952 246503
Fax. +34 952 960761
info@tagenuk.com
info@mitashi.es
以上这家公司也是骗子，他是做航空用品的，他叫我把好多样品寄到他香港的代理那儿，就再也没有戏了，不管我怎么联系他，他都不回。香港的代理信息如下：BRIGHT EXPORTS公司，地址11/F, RM.1107-8A, KAI TAK COMM.BLDG,  NO.317-321 
DES VOEUX RD., C, KONG.
联系人: MR DEEPAK  
TEL: 852-91207125; 86-13143328156
提醒大家要小心啊

20. GOLDEN HUNTER MARKETING CO.,LTD.老板是澳洲人:JEREMY GIGER 他
有一个中国员工姓刘,TIGER,一般都是先预付30-50%的货款,然后见提单传真件付款
到现在还欠我很多呢,而且采取频繁换青岛办公室的地址的办法,使外地供货上找不到而赖帐,请大家一定警惕!!!
(投诉人: shelley8366)

21. 对孟加拉商务应注意
在国内以出国考察为目的的骗子中介经常变换公司名称，
通过互联网等途径获知国内企业和个人联系方式后，
主动联系你们，或在互联网上广为发布虚假项目信息，
以夸大、虚假的投资、贸易项目信息吸引国内企业和个人，
其目的是招揽国个企业和个人组团考察所编造的投资项目，骗取高额考察团费。  
(投诉人: 890 )

22. 美国的ROYAL IMPORT 收到货后不付款,大家注意!
(投诉人: sallychou )

23. 骗子：
国家： north africa
公司： leo circuit boards pvt ltd
姓名：Bennis Omar
Remark:此人在alibaba.com 上 ，行骗。
手法：让我们出货，但货到了不付钱。
(投诉人: sun2100 )

24. Curtis International Ltd
Address:    315 Attwell Drive 
  Etobicoke, Ontario, M9W 5C1 
Phone: (416) 674-2123 
Fax: (416) 674-2135 
Aaron Herzog

这家公司信誉非常差,业内臭名远播,跟他做生意只亏不赚, 老板是个非常不讲道德的人. 你只要接他的单,他就会利用各种借口来扣货款和拖欠不给钱. 
(投诉人: mingweilong )

25. 此人希腊，为一骗子，很多借口的，大家不要上当：

george chawich<george_chawich2001@yahoo.com>

把货骗到港以后，会拖着不付款！

26. 多哥的一个客户, MICHEAL OKPAM UKA, 公司名ELS MOUKAB INTERNATIONAL CO.
客户需要的是喷墨打印纸, 要样品的时候说了到付,但是到了之后不愿意给钱. 后来我方承担了运费, 他又说旅游去了, 不拿样品. 搞不清楚他在搞什么东西

27. 我也碰到一个埃塞俄比亚的骗子.刚开始说他的钱都在他该死的老爸那里,他想拿回来，然后也是要定一个40HQ,选了我们的好几个款的运动套装.说要10%的个人佣金.要我们先寄些布样给他.我想他可能是骗子,就选择用平信寄给他.过了20天我打电话给他他说收到了，,说布太小了，,要我寄大的给他,我要他付样品费和快递费,他也不付,最后就不了了之了.他的MSN是:pablarakes@hotmail.com .联系地址如下,各位小心了:

FASIKA HOUSE OF SPORT                                    NATIONAL SPORT OUSE                               
FASIKA GIRMACHEW 
GIRMACHEW BIZUNEH                                 
DDIS ABEBA ETHIOPIA                                                                        ADDIS ABEBA ETHIOPIA
P.O BOX 13127 ADDIS ABEBA, ETHIOPIA                          P.O.BOX 2946 ADDIS ABEBA ETHIOPIA 
HAILE/G SELASSE STREET HAILE BULDING
fasikagirmachew@yahoo.com
Email:fasikagirmachew@yahoo.com                                                 251-9 11-606792

28. 我遇到一个希腊骗子，
EDEPCO. S.A
MR.ILIAS SARDELIS
Tel:0030 2310 780115/785102  Fax:0030 2310 783640
DIAVATON 10,(P.O.BOX 111,57008,IONIA THESSALONIKI
他和他老板每年都会来广交会，第一次在中国见他们印象很不错，两人看上去都很实在的人，并且许诺每个月有多少多少个集装箱。我们还以为遇见了大客。他回去后大概20天之后下了一个小柜的货。但付款方式是D/P AT SIGHT，因我们在希腊还有其它客户，都是做D/P的，所以也就答应了。然后我们按时备货、装运、寄提单到对方银行，但他们就是不去提货，打电话过去他也接，周一打过去就会说是周末前付，周五打过去他会说下周付，一拖再拖，一直拖了三个多月，最后我们答应给他5%的折扣他才付款。算上这几个月的资金积压和给他的折扣，本来利润就不多的这笔生意已经亏了不少。本来发誓再不和他做生意了的，除非他答应30%定金，余款见提单传真件付清。后来他又下单了，10%定金，余款见提单传真件T/T付清，现在货到港有一个月了，我催他付款，结果他又给一个银行资料给我，说希腊国家规定，必须通过银行付款。没办法，我们上周还是把提单寄到他银行了，看他这周的反应，如果10天内再不付的话，我们会把货运回来。跟他做生意总是提心掉胆的，如果这次能侥幸收到款，下次绝对再不能和他做了。上次因为老板亏了本，我的提成也没拿到。虽然付款方式还是老板自己和他谈的。

我公司做五金的，希望同行们在同上面公司谈生意时千万注意！
MSN： HAPPY_LINNA@HOTMAIL.COM

29. Santron computer services pvt.ltd
 Add:6th floor ,No134,boai road 10044 Taipei.
Santosh Kumar Sharma
此人是印度人,但自称是澳大利亚人,他的护照我们看过了就是印度人.我们几次打交道发现此人信用有问题,要过样品,但老上说样品费用公司会打帐给我,实际不是的,MD,为了此人我们花了不少招待费,就会知道要样品而不支付样品费的,看了工厂说有订单实际是空话.一定要小心!就是个高级商业骗子.

30. 西班牙Tagenuk S.L公司 联系人Manoj
地址：C/ Bielorrusia 26,P Ind Guadalhorce,29004-Malaga-Spain
Tel. +34 952 246503
Fax. +34 952 960761
info@tagenuk.com
info@mitashi.es
以上这家公司也是骗子，他是做航空用品的，他叫我把好多样品寄到他香港的代理那儿，就再也没有戏了，不管我怎么联系他，他都不回。香港的代理信息如下：BRIGHT EXPORTS公司，地址11/F, RM.1107-8A, KAI TAK COMM.BLDG,  NO.317-321 
DES VOEUX RD., C, KONG.
联系人: MR DEEPAK  
TEL: 852-91207125; 86-13143328156
提醒大家要小心啊

31. .Mr. Shahurkh Meer
country: Pakistan
company: Meritotirous Group(pvt) Ltd
e-mail: departmentofimport@goolgelmail.com
msn:shahurkh.meer@hotmail.com
tel:923452746567
fax:92215206620
此人先不问价钱就下大单,10个40＇container,要求D/P付款,声称巴基斯坦不允许使用T/T付款,有不愿意开L/C,反复来信要求与我们达成交易.在我们要求30% T/T in advance 时 ,突然没了音信,100%是骗子,大家小心了!!

32. Mr. Makat Ije
country:Nigeria
company: MAKATA INVESTMENT LIMITED
E-MAIL :makataltd@yahoo.com
msn: makataltd@hotmail.com
tel:234-805-4001354
fax:234-82-441811
此人专门用100% T/T 来骗取邀请函,从不还价就下大单,5 个40'柜,100%的骗子,大家注意了,我们一起通缉他.

33. Mr. Dunac Agu
company:DUNAC INVESTMENT  NIG. LTD
country:Nigeria
e-mail:dunacind@yahoo.com
msn:dunacind@hotmail.com
tel:234-805-2365394
fax:234-82-440185
伙同 Mr.Makata Ije (MAKATA INVESTMENT LIMITED) 骗取邀请函.

(31~33条信息的投诉人: jeffwangjiefu )

感谢 365楼 会员ceo_lee补充部分资料

34. 巴基斯坦拉合尔骗子
Warning!!!
Notice this Cheater!!!!!
Muhammad Salman 
Cheif Executive (Design Developers Pakistan)
M/S NADEEM INTERNATIONAL TRADERS     
Address a:  4 Fruit market, illama iqbal town, Multan road, Lahore - Pakistan. 
Address b:  E-794, Bismiallah center, Kucha Tirgran, Inside mochi gate, Lahore - Pakistan.
Address c:  32-D, Rashid Plaza, Blue area, Islamabad – Pakistan.
Tel：0092427672544, 0092427634801　　   
Fax：0092427639649.  
00923008414994 or 00923004634876. (Pakistan mobile no.) 
MSN:  imrantraderspk@hotmail.com 
Skype: interdecpk
E-mail: salandnay@yahoo.com  or  sulman@wol.net.pk
大家请注意这个骗子！！！他是巴基斯坦拉合尔的。今年来我厂下了一个单。30%前T/T，70%见提单传真汇款，目的港为卡拉奇的Qasim港。货发出后，恶意拖延付款。货物最终被对方海关拍卖，骗子因有第一竞拍人的优势而低价获得货物，致使我厂损失将近20万。最近我们的跨国追债公司和他们接触过，发现他们是一个经常涉嫌于各种国际贸易犯罪活动的诈骗团伙。请同胞们小心，收了他们订金的就不要发货了！！！
他曾说今年会来参加秋季广交会，因此把之前得到的他的信息公布出来，以免更多同胞受害。
这是他的第一封邮件：I am Muhammad Salman. I am running a good business named DESIGN DEVELOPERS here in Pakistan. Basically we import items from China, Taiwan and Dubai including Wooden Flooring, Doors, Bathroom accessories, Flooring tiles, Kitchens etc. I got your email address from your company website……
他曾把个人照片发给我（因之前见过面，所以知道照片正是他），但我上传不了。想要他照片的，可以发邮件或加我：catherine_17zy@hotmail.com ,我可以提供给你们。
 

在香港（英国）成立离岸公司，用离岸公司的名义回国内开设到公司的外币帐户。出口时，通过货代帮您把货物运给客户，你只要叫你的客户把货款打到你离岸公司国内的帐户就行了，离岸公司的国内帐户可以接收外汇，提现，转帐，支票和收发信用证`,信用证转开，信用证议付等业务。这样有了一个香港公司的良好形象，又可以不用通过外贸公司来操作，降低了成本和以前货款不在自己帐户的风险。特别适合外贸soho一族操作，因你的是海外离岸公司，国内开设的外币帐户就属于境外帐户了，所以你这帐户不会受外管局管制，你随时可以将帐户里的资金打到国内（或海外）的公司帐户或个人帐户里，自由操作外汇，还不会涉及到交纳个人所得税。（离岸公司不在注册地本土开设帐户运作，海外得利是可以免交税项的）